References

American Psychiatric Association (1980). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, (3rd ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

American Psychiatric Association (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, (4th ed., text revision). Washington, DC: Author.

American Psychiatric Association (2010, September 23). Proposed revision of the diagnostic criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder. http://www.dsm5.org/ProposedRevisions/Pages/proposedrevision.aspx?rid=165

Berntsen, D. (2009). Involuntary autobiographical memories: An introduction to the unbidden past. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Bolles, R. (1970). Species-specific defense reactions and avoidance learning. Psychological Review, 77(1), 32-48.

Breh, D. C., & Seidler, G. H. (2007). Is peritraumatic dissociation a risk factor for PTSD? Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 8, 53-69.

Breuer, J., & Freud, S. (1893). On the psychical mechanism of hysterical phenomena: Preliminary communication. Standard Edition, 1, 3-17.

Brewin, C. R. (2003). Posttraumatic stress disorder: malady or myth? New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

Brewin, C. R., Dalgleish, T., & Joseph, S. (1996). A dual representation theory of post-traumatic stress disorder. Psychological Review, 103, 670-686.

Brewin, C. R., Gregory, J. D., Lipton, M., & Burgess, N. (2010). Intrusive images in psychological disorders: Characteristics, neural mechanisms, and treatment implications. Psychological Review, 117, 210-232.

Briere, J. Scott, C., & Weathers, F. (2005). Peritraumatic and persistent dissociation in the presumed etiology of PTSD. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 2295-2301.

Bryant, R. A. (2007). Does dissociation further our understanding of PTSD? Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 21, 183-191.

Campbell, B. A., Wood, G., & McBride, T. (1997). Origins of orienting and defensive responses: An evolutionary perspective. In P. J. Lang, R. F. Simons, & M. T. Balaban (Eds.), Attention and orienting: Sensory and motivational processes (pp. 41-67). Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Dell, P. F. (2006). A new model of dissociative identity disorder. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 29, 1-26.

Dell, P. F. (2009). Understanding dissociation. In P. F. Dell & J.  A. O’Neil (Eds.), Dissociation and the dissociative disorders: DSM-V and beyond (pp. 709-825). New York: Routledge.

Dell, P. F., and O’Neil, J. A. (2009). Dissociation and the dissociative disorders: DSM-V and beyond. New York: Routledge.

De Oca, B. M., DeCola, J. P., Maren, S., & Fanselow, M. S. (1998). Distinct regions of the periaqueductal gray are involved in the acquisition and expression of defensive responses. Journal of Neuroscience, 18, 3426-2432.

Depaulis, A., Keay, K. A., & Bandler, R. (1994). Quiescence and hyporeactivity evoked by activation of cell bodies in the ventrolateral midbrain periaqueductal gray of the rat. Experimental Brain Research, 99, 75-83.

Ebbinghaus, H. (1885/1964). Memory: A contribution to experimental psychology. New York: Dover Publications.

Ellenberger, H. (1970). The discovery of the unconscious: The history and evolution of dynamic psychiatry. New York: Basic Books.

Engel, G. L. (1978). Psychologic stress, vasodepressor (vasovagal) syncope, and sudden death. Annals of Internal Medicine, 89, 403-412.

Engel, G. L., & Schmale, A. H. (1972). Conservation-withdrawal: A primary regulatory process for organismic homeostasis. In Ciba Foundation, Physiology, emotion, & psychosomatic illness, Ciba Foundation Symposium 8 (new series) (pp. 57-85). New York: Elsevier.

Fanselow, M. S., & Lester, L. S. (1988). A functional behavioristic approach to aversively motivated behavior: Predatory imminence as a determinant of the topography of defensive behavior. In R. C. Bolles & M. D. Beecher (Eds.), Evolution and learning (pp. 185-212). Hillsdale New jersey, Laurence Erlbaum Associates.

Freud, S. (1937). Analysis terminable and interminable. Standard Edition, 23, 216-253.

Fusé, T., Forsyth, J. P., Marx, B. P., Gallup, G. G., Jr., & Weaver, S. (2007). Factor structure of the Tonic Immobility Scale in female survivors of sexual assault: An exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 21, 265-283.

Galliano, G., Noble, I. M., Travis, L. A., & Puechl, C. (1993). Victim reactions during rape/sexual assault: A preliminary study of the immobility response and its correlates. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 8, 109-114.

Gallup, G. G., & Rager, D. R. (1996). Tonic immobility as a model of extreme states of behavioral inhibition: Issues of methodology and measurement. In P. R. Sanberg, K- P. Ossenkopp, & M. Kavaliers (Eds.), Motor activity and movement disorders: Research issues and applications (pp. 57-80). Totowa, New Jersey: Humana Press.

Halligan, S. L., Michael, T., Clark, D. M., & Ehlers, A. (2003). Posttraumatic stress disorder following assault: The role of cognitive processing, trauma memory, and appraisals. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71, 419-431.

Heidt, J. M., Marx, B. P., & Forsyth, J. P. (2005). Tonic immobility and childhood sexual abuse: Evaluating the sequela of rape-induced paralysis. Behavior Research and Therapy, 43, 1157-1171.

Heim, A. (1892). Notizen uber den Tod durch absturz (Remarks on fatal falls). Jahrbuch des Schweizer Alpenclub, 27, 327-337. Translated and reprinted in English as R. Noyes & R. Kletti (1980). The experience of dying from falls. In R. A. Kalish (Ed.), Death, dying, transcending (pp. 129-136). Farmingdale, NY: Baywood Publishing Company.

Holen, A. (1993). The North Sea oil rig disaster. In J. P. Wilson & B. Raphael (Eds.), International handbook of traumatic stress syndromes (pp. 471-478). New York: Plenum.

Holmes, T. H., & Rahe, R. H. (1967). The Social Readjustment Rating Scale. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 11, 213-218.

Horowitz, M. J. (2001). Stress response syndromes, fourth edition. Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson, Inc.

Iwata, J., & LeDeux, J. E. (1988). Dissociation of associative and nonassociative concomitants of classical fear conditioning in the freely behaving rat. Behavioral Neuroscience, 102, 66-76.

Janoff-Bulmann, R. (2002). Shattered assumptions: Toward a new psychology of trauma. New York: Free Press.

Lanius, R. A., Vermetten, E., Loewenstein, R. J., Brand, B., Schmahl, C., Bremner, J. D., & Spiegel, D. (2010). Emotion modulation in PTSD: Clinical and neurobiological evidence for a dissociative subtype. American Journal of Psychiatry, 167, 640-647.

Livingstone, D. (1857). Missionary travels and researches in South Africa. London: John Murray.

Maier, S. F. (2001). Exposure to the stressor environment prevents the temporal dissipation of behavioral depression/learned helplessness. Biological Psychiatry, 49, 763-773.

Marmar, C. R., Weiss, D. S., Schlenger, W. E., Fairbank, J. A., Jordan, K., Kulka, R. A., & Hough, R. L. (1994). Peritraumatic dissociation and posttraumatic stress in male Vietnam theater veterans. American Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 902-907.

Marshall, R. D., Spitzer, R., & Liebowitz, M. R. (1999). Review and critique of the new DSM-IV diagnosis of acute stress disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 156, 1677-1685.

Marx, B. P., Forsyth, J. P., Gallup, G. G., Fusé, T., & Lexington, J. M. (2008). Tonic immobility as an evolved predator defense: Implications for sexual assault survivors. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 15, 74-90.

Mobbs, D., Petrovic, P., Marchant, J. L., Hassabis, D., Weiskopf, N., Seymour, B., Dolan, R. J., & Frith, C. D. (2007). When fear is near: Threat imminence elicits prefrontal-periaqueductal gray shifts in humans. Science, 317, 1079-1083.

Murray, J., Ehlers, A., & Mayou, R. A. (2002). Dissociation and post-traumatic stress disorder: Two prospective studies of road traffic accident survivors. British Journal of Psychiatry, 180, 363-368.

Noyes, R., Hoenk, P. R., Kuperman, S., & Slymen, D. (1977). Depersonalization in accident victims and psychiatric patients. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 164, 401-407.

Noyes, R., Kletti, R., & Kupperman, S. (1977). Depersonalization in response to life-threatening danger. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 18, 375-384.

Ogden, P., Minton, K., & Pain, C. (2006). Trauma and the body: A sensorimotor approach to psychotherapy. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.

Panasetis, P., & Bryant, R. A. (2003). Peritraumatic versus persistent dissociation in acute stress disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 16, 563-566.

Pavlov, I. (1927/2003). Conditioned reflexes. New York: Dover Publications.

Peterson, C., Maier, S. F., & Seligman, M. E. P. (1993). Learned helplessness: A theory for the age of personal control. New York: Oxford University Press.

Porges, S. W. (1995a). Cardiac vagal tone: A physiological index of stress. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 19, 225-133.

Porges, S. W. (1995b). Orienting in a defensive world: mammalian modifications of our evolutionary heritage. A polyvagal theory. Psychophysiology, 32, 301-318.

Porges, S. W. (1998). Love: An emergent property of the mammalian autonomic nervous system. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 23, 837-861.

Porges, S. W. (2004). Neuroception: A subconscious system for detecting threats and safety. Zero to Three, 24(5), 19-24.

Ratner, S. C. (1967). Comparative aspects of hypnosis. In J. E. Gordon (Ed.), Handbook of clinical and experimental hypnosis (pp. 550-587). New York: Macmillan Company.

Richter, C. P. (1957). On the phenomenon of sudden death in animals and man. Psychosomatic Medicine, 19, 191-198.

Richter, C. P. (1958). The phenomenon of unexplained sudden death in animals and man. In W. H. Gantt (Ed.), Physiological bases of psychiatry (pp. 112-125). Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas.

Rothbaum, B. O., Foa, E. B., Riggs, D. S., Murdock, T., & Walsh, W. (1992). A prospective examination of post-traumatic stress disorder in rape victims. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 5, 455-475.

Scaer, R. (2005). The trauma spectrum: Hidden wounds and human resiliency. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.

Seligman, M. (1975). Helplessness. New York: W. H. Freeman and Company.

Shilony, E., & Grossman, F. K. (1993). Depersonalization as a defense mechanism in survivors of trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 6, 119-128.

Smith, E. N., Allison, R. D., & Crowder, W. E. (1974). Bradycardia in a free ranging American alligator. Copeia, 1974, 770-772.

Smith, E. N., & Woodruff, R. A. (1980). Fear bradycardia in free-ranging woodchucks, Marmota monax. Journal of Mammology, 61, 750-753.

Sokolov, E. N., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1997). Orienting and defense reflexes: Vector coding the cardiac response. In P. J. Lang, R. F. Simons & M. T. Balaban (Attention and orienting: Eds.), Attention and orienting: Sensory and motivational processes (pp. 1-22). Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Spiegel, D. (1991). Dissociation and trauma. In A. Tasman & S. M. Goldfinger (Eds.), American Psychiatric Press review of psychiatry, Vol. 10, (pp.  261-275). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.

 Steele, K., Dorahy, M. J., van der Hart, O., & Nijenhuis, E.      R. S. (2009). Dissociation versus alterations of  consciousness: Related but different concepts. In P. F. Dell  & J. A. O'Neil (Eds.), Dissociation and the dissociative  disorders: DSM-V and beyond (pp. 155-169). New York:  Routledge.

Suarez, S. D., & Gallup, G. G. (1979). Tonic immobility as a response to rape in humans: A theoretical note. Psychological Record, 29, 315-320.

Van der Hart, O., Nijenhuis, E., & Steele, K. (2006). The haunted self: Structural dissociation and the treatment of chronic dissociation. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.

Vianna, D. M. L., & Brandão, M, L. (2003). Anatomical connections of the periaqueductal gray: Specific neural substrates for different kinds of fear. Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, 36, 557-566.

Vianna, D. M. L., Graeff, F. G., Landeira-Fernandez, J., & Brandão, M. L. (2001). Lesion of the ventral periaqueductal gray reduces conditioned fear but does not change freezing induced by stimulation of the dorsal periaqueductal gray. Learning & Memory, 8, 164-169.

Woodruff, M. L. (1977). Limbic modulation of defensive immobility (“animal hypnosis”). Psychological Record, 27, 161-175.

World Health Organization (1992). The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders: Clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines. Geneva: Author.

Leave a comment